The potential for loss is greater for primary infection because a single infection can blight all the flowers of one cluster. The losses from secondary infection can also be significant but the potential is less because only one berry is lost from each infection.

Infected, sporulating shoots become ultraviolet reflective, fragrant and secrete sugars all of which attract insect pollinators. Insects are then able to move conidia from these infected shoot to healthy flowers increasing the number of infected berries.

All species of Vaccinium are infected by species of Monilinia causing a mummyberry-like disease in each. The fungal species attacking red huckleberry cannot attack highbush blueberry and vice versa.

During early berry development, diseased fruits look like healthy ones; if cut open, however,the spongy white fungal growth is revealed. As berries approach maturity, infected berries become a reddish buff or tan color in contrast to the waxy green of healthy fruits. Many of the diseased berries fall before healthy berries are harvested. Mature mummified berries are gray, shriveled, and hard.

Apothecia can be found under bushes where leaf debris or mulch has been left undisturbed. In spring, urn-shaped apothecia emerge from the mummies and are light brown to brown. The tip of the stem is darker and eventually expands into a cup-shaped structure 0.1 to 0.4 inch wide.

1. In fall, before leaf drop, shallowly cultivate to bury mummies. Research in Georgia indicates that burying mummies 1 inch or more below the soil prevented apothecia from reaching the surface.
2. In early spring around budbreak, destroy developing apothecia by disrupting the soil under plants and/or in alleyways by raking or cultivating soil. Some growers cultivate to pile soil from between the rows at the base of the bushes and between the bushes in order to bury the mummies. They rake soil back into the rows later in spring after apothecia are gone. Other growers drag chains along the ground to disrupt the developing apothecia.
3. Also in spring, destroy any cull piles near packing houses.
4. Plant tolerant cultivars.
5. Good weed control aids cultural measures.

1. Spray soil surface in early spring to destroy or inhibit developing apothecia. Repeat applications may be required because apothecia develop over a period of several weeks.
   
   1. Lime sulfur (29%) at 16 to 24 gal/A in 200 to 300 gal/A water. Repeat applications are required because apothecia develop over a period of several weeks. 48-hr reentry.
   2. Application of the herbicides diuron or simazine have been shown to affect the development and sporulation of apothecia. These herbicides may be beneficial when used close to apothecia development in the spring. Consult the PNW Weed Management Handbook for specific recommendations.
2. Protect blossoms and foliage with fungicide from budbreak to end of flowering. With regular scouting, the first application can be timed to coincide with apothecial development.
   
   1. Abound at 6 to 15.5 fl oz/A. Do not apply more than 2 sequential applications or more than 3 applications per year. May be applied on the day of harvest. 4-hr reentry.
   2. Bravo Weather Stik at 3 to 4 pints/A at 10-day intervals. Moderate control of primary stage but poor control of secondary stage. Do not use after early bloom (or when the very first petals fall to the ground) because fruit of some cultivars may become russeted. Do not use within 42 days of harvest or more than 12 pints/A/season. 12-hr reentry.
   3. Captan 80 WDG at 1.25 to 3.1 lb/A plus spreader sticker can only be used starting at mid bloom but may be applied up to day of harvest. Moderate control of both primary and secondary stages. 72-hr reentry.
   4. CaptEvate 68 WDG at 4.7 lb/A Do not apply more than 2 consecutive applications or more than 21 lb/A/season. Can be used day of harvest. 48-hr reentry.
   5. Echo 720 at 3 to 4 pints/A at 7- to 10-day intervals, respectively. Moderate control of primary stage but poor control of secondary stage. Do not use after early bloom (or when the very first petals fall to the ground) because fruit of some cultivars may become russeted. Do not use within 42 days of harvest. 12-hr reentry.
   6. Indar 2F at 6 fl oz/A plus a wetting agent. Do not use within 30 days of harvest. 12-hr reentry.
   7. Pristine at 18.5 to 23 oz/A. Do not use more than 2 consecutive applications or more than 4 times/year. Can be used day of harvest. 24-hr reentry.
   8. Propiconazole-based fungicides are registered. Do not use more than 30 fl oz/A/season or within 30 days of harvest. Use of propiconazole for mummyberry control has been associated with an increase in Botrytis severity.
      1. Orbit at 6 fl oz/A. 12-hr reentry.
      2. PropiMax EC at 6 fl oz/A. 24-hr reentry.
      3. Tilt at 6 fl oz/A. 12-hr reentry.
   9. Switch 62.5 WG at 11 to 14 oz/A. In western Oregon in 2004, it was not effective on any stage of the disease. May be used up to and including the day of harvest. Do not apply more than twice sequentially or use more than 56 oz/A/season. 12-hr reentry.
   10. Ziram 76 DF at 3 lb/A. Do not apply after 3 weeks from full bloom. Poor control of both primary and secondary stages. 48-hr reentry.

1. Serenade MAX at 1 to 3 lb/A. Active ingredient is a protein from Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713. Efficacy in the Pacific North-west is low to none. 4-hr reentry.

Caruso, F.L. and D.C. Ramsdell. 1995. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. St. Paul, MN: APS Press.