Pacific Northwest 1998 An Online Guide to Plant Disease Control

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OSU Extension Office
 
Raspberry -- Nematode (Dagger)
 
Cause: Xiphinema americanum and some related species are vectors of Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV). Dagger nematodes are migratory ecto-parasites (see Nematodes) found only in soil. As virus vectors, they can be damaging at very low population levels. Dagger nematode populations are low in late summer when other nematodes are abundant. Highest populations are found during the winter and are correlated with rainfall. They only have one generation per year in western Washington. Transmission of the virus is suspected to occur in the early fall and spring when soil moisture and temperature are optimal for nematode activity. Transmission is slow and generally to adjacent plants, however, new foci can develop if soil containing nematodes is moved within a field.
Symptoms: In the absence of ToRSV, dagger nematodes, especially X. bakeri, can cause stubby roots and dwarfing of red raspberry.
Sampling: Best sampling times for dagger nematodes are between December and April. If ground is to be planted to raspberries, sample during this period to increase the probability of detecting any dagger nematodes. Take samples far enough ahead of planting to allow time to implement control tactics if necessary. Sample all potential planting sites. Divide up large areas to be sampled into 5 acre blocks or less.
Cultural control:

  1. Use certified planting stock.
  2. Plant in soil that has been tested and found free of dagger nematodes.
  3. If nematodes are found, establish a perennial grass in the alleyways between rows and eliminate all cultivation that might move soil to other areas of the field.
  4. Remove infected plants and treat the soil with a fumigant to limit virus spread.
  5. Control weeds such as dandelion.
Chemical control:
  1. Preplant soil fumigation the fall before spring planting is necessary to control dagger nematodes. Growing a shallow-rooted grass crop for 1 to 2 years will bring nematodes to upper soil levels where fumigation more easily controls them.
    1. Basamid G. Avoid application when soil is over 90 F. Do not apply within 3 to 4 feet of growing plants. Do not harvest within one year of application. 24-hr reentry plus ventilation.
    2. Methyl bromide + chloropicrin. Restricted-use pesticide.
    3. Telone II at 52 to 103 fl oz/1,000 ft of row using a single chis-el per row on mineral soils. Wait 2 to 3 weeks after treating to plant or until odor leaves the soil. Do not treat extremely heavy soils. 5-day reentry. Restricted-use pesticide.
    4. Vapam (32.7% metam sodium) at 50 to 100 gal/A. Immediately after application roll the soil and follow up with tarps or a light watering. May apply through an irrigation system. 48-hr reentry and/or while tarps are being removed.
References:
Pinkerton, J. N., Kraus, J., Martin, R. R., and Schreiner, R. P. 2008. Epidemiology of Xiphinema americanum and Tomato ringspot virus on red raspberry, Rubus idaeus. Plant Dis. 92:364-371.
Content edited by: Jay W. Pscheidt on January 1, 2009
 
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